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Related Concept Videos

Free-falling Bodies: Introduction01:07

Free-falling Bodies: Introduction

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All objects, neglecting air resistance, fall with the same acceleration towards the Earth's center due to the force exerted by the Earth's gravity. This experimentally determined fact is unexpected because we are so accustomed to the effects of air resistance and friction that we expect light objects to fall slower than heavier ones. People believed that a heavier object had a greater acceleration when falling until Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) proved otherwise. We now know this is...
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An object falling without any air resistance under the influence of gravitational force is said to be in free-fall. For free-falling bodies, the acceleration due to gravity is constant, irrespective of their mass. Free-fall is experienced not only by objects falling downward, but also by all objects whose motion is influenced by gravitational force alone. The dynamics of free-fall motion can be calculated using kinematic equations of motion, since free-fall acceleration is constant.
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Boundary Layer Characteristics01:18

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When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This phenomenon is characterized by a thin region adjacent to the surface where viscous forces dominate, influencing the fluid's velocity profile. The development of the boundary layer begins at the leading edge of the surface and evolves as the fluid moves downstream.As the fluid flows over the surface, friction between the fluid and the wall slows down...
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Turbulent Flow01:24

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Turbulent flow is characterized by unpredictable fluctuations in velocity and pressure, which result in a chaotic fluid movement distinct from the orderly patterns of laminar flow. While laminar flow is governed by smooth, parallel layers with minimal mixing, turbulent flow exhibits highly irregular, three-dimensional patterns. This behavior arises due to instabilities in the fluid's velocity profile, and amplifies as the flow velocity increases. Minor disturbances, known as turbulent...
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Fluid dynamics is the study of fluids in motion. Velocity vectors are often used to illustrate fluid motion in applications like meteorology. For example, wind—the fluid motion of air in the atmosphere—can be represented by vectors indicating the speed and direction of the wind at any given point on a map. Another method for representing fluid motion is a streamline. A streamline represents the path of a small volume of fluid as it flows. When the flow pattern changes with time, the...
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Laminar Flow01:27

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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
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Preferential Concentration of Free-Falling Heavy Particles in Turbulence.

F Falkinhoff1,2, M Obligado3, M Bourgoin2

  • 1Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Física, & IFIBA, CONICET, Ciudad Universitaria, Buenos Aires 1428, Argentina.

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Heavy particles in turbulent flow with gravity avoid high acceleration zones. However, their actual acceleration depends on Stokes number, gravity, and settling velocity.

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Visually Based Characterization of the Incipient Particle Motion in Regular Substrates: From Laminar to Turbulent Conditions
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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics
  • Particle transport
  • Turbulence

Background:

  • Particles in turbulent flows are influenced by gravity.
  • Understanding particle dynamics is crucial in various scientific and engineering fields.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of heavy particles in turbulent flow under gravity.
  • To analyze the preferential regions explored by these particles.

Main Methods:

  • Direct numerical simulations (DNS) were employed.
  • A sweep-stick mechanism was modeled for particle transport.

Main Results:

  • Particles preferentially explored flow regions with near-zero Lagrangian acceleration.
  • The actual Lagrangian acceleration of fluid elements where particles accumulated was non-zero.
  • Particle acceleration showed dependence on Stokes number, gravity, and settling velocity.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a nuanced interaction between heavy particles, turbulent flow, and gravity.
  • Particle accumulation is linked to specific flow dynamics rather than a complete absence of acceleration.