Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

8.7K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
8.7K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

11.4K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
11.4K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

4.3K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
4.3K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

15.9K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
15.9K
Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

4.1K
Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
4.1K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

5.4K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
5.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Complete genome sequences of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> clone C strains 8277, PT31M, and SG50M isolated from the urinary tract and anthropogenic water environments.

Microbiology resource announcements·2026
Same author

Proteostasis-targeted antibacterial strategies.

Journal of microbiology (Seoul, Korea)·2026
Same author

Click-to-Release Reactions for Tertiary Amines and Pyridines.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Light scattering-based screening method for rapid evaluating antibiotic effects on bacteria using laser speckle imaging.

Journal of biological engineering·2025
Same author

Cell Metabolism 20th anniversary Voices: Part 3 of 3.

Cell metabolism·2025
Same author

Nonproteolytic ubiquitination regulates chromatin occupancy by the NCoR/SMRT/HDAC3 corepressor complex in MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
09:53

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.4K

Decoding the rosetta stone of mitonuclear communication.

Justin English1, Jyung Mean Son2, Maria Dafne Cardamone3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Graduate Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.

Pharmacological Research
|August 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria coordinate cellular functions and rely on communication with the nucleus for their maintenance. This review explores the signaling pathways enabling this vital mitonuclear dialogue for cell fitness.

Keywords:
Acetyl-Coenzyme A (PubChem CID: 6302)Alpha-ketoglutarate (PubChem CID: 164533)Antimycin (PubChem CID: 12550)Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) (PubChem CID: 2603)CommunicationEpigeneticsHumanin (PubChem CID: 16131438)Integrated stress responseMitochondrial retrograde signalingMitonuclearNicotinamide riboside (PubChem CID: 439924)Oligoymycin (PubChem CID: 78358496)S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) (PubChem CID: 34756)Superoxide anion (PubChem CID: 5359597)

More Related Videos

Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells
09:33

Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells

Published on: October 4, 2018

11.6K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights
07:55

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
09:53

Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

Published on: June 7, 2024

1.4K
Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells
09:33

Rapid Isolation of the Mitoribosome from HEK Cells

Published on: October 4, 2018

11.6K
Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights
07:55

Author Spotlight: Unveiling Mitochondrial Contact Sites and Architectural Insights

Published on: June 16, 2023

1.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Mitochondrial Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondria are central to cellular homeostasis, ATP production, metabolism, and apoptosis.
  • Effective mitonuclear communication is crucial for mitochondrial biogenesis and function, as most mitochondrial proteins are nuclear-encoded.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the complex signaling networks involved in mitochondria-nuclear communication.
  • To discuss the evolutionary aspects of this communication for cellular and organismal fitness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of signaling molecules and pathways.
  • Analysis of evolutionary adaptations in mitonuclear communication.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondria act as multifunctional hubs coordinating diverse cellular processes.
  • Mitonuclear communication involves complex signaling pathways regulating independent genomes.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic communication between mitochondria and the nucleus is essential for maintaining cellular and organismal fitness.
  • This communication has evolved to ensure mutual benefit and coordinated function.