The immune response of the small interfering RNA pathway in the defense against bee viruses

Most bee viruses are RNA viruses belonging to two major families of Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae. During viral infection, virus-derived double stranded RNAs activate a major host innate immune pathway, namely the small interfering RNAs pathway (siRNA pathway), which degrades the viral RNA or the viral genome. This results in 21-22 nucleotide-long virus-derived siRNAs (vsiRNAs). Recent studies showed that vsiRNAs, matching to viruses from the family of Dicistroviridae and Iflaviridae, were generated in infected bees. Moreover, higher virus titers in honeybees also resulted in higher amounts of vsiRNAs, demonstrating that the siRNA response is proportional to the intensity of viral infection. Intriguingly, non-specific dsRNA could also trigger an immune response, leading to the restriction of the viral infection, however this mechanism is still unclear. Other findings demonstrated that bees can be protected through introducing virus specific-dsRNA to activate the siRNA response against the target virus. The latter is highlighting a new strategy to tackle bee viruses.