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Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography01:27

Imaging Studies III: Computed Tomography

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DefinitionComputed Tomography (CT) of the genitourinary (GU) tract is a non-invasive imaging modality that utilizes X-rays and computer processing to generate detailed cross-sectional images of the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and adjacent structures such as the adrenal glands.PurposeCT scans of the GU tract serve several diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, including:Diagnosis of Urinary Tract Diseases: Detects kidney stones, tumors, cysts, and congenital...
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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Introduction: MRI and CT scans are crucial advancements in medical imaging techniques, playing a vital role in diagnosing conditions related to the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Each scan serves distinct purposes, targets specific areas, and requires unique nursing duties.
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Computed Tomography (CT) scan:
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, or CMRI, is a non-invasive diagnostic test that employs a magnetic field and radiofrequency waves to create precise images of the heart and arteries. It provides comprehensive information about cardiac anatomy, function, perfusion, and tissue characterization without ionizing radiation.IndicationsCMRI diagnoses various heart conditions, including tissue damage from heart attacks, ischemic heart disease, myocarditis, aortic issues (tears, aneurysms,...
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique that provides crucial insights into the body's physiological functions at a molecular level. It is an indispensable resource for diagnosing, staging, and monitoring various illnesses, notably cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions.
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MR Imaging of SCA3/MJD.

Na Wan1, Zhao Chen1,2,3, Linlin Wan1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|August 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects brain changes in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) before symptoms appear. These advanced MRI techniques aid in early detection, monitoring progression, and understanding SCA3/MJD.

Keywords:
MR imagingSCA3/MJDblood oxygen level-dependent functional MRIdiffusion tensor imagingmagnetic resonance spectroscopymorphometric MRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD) is a progressive, autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder.
  • Pathological hallmark includes polyglutamine-expanded protein aggregation in neuronal nuclei, leading to neuronal dysfunction and brain damage preceding clinical onset.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the utility of advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques for assessing structural and functional brain alterations in Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado-Joseph disease (SCA3/MJD).
  • To highlight the role of MRI in identifying preclinical carriers, monitoring disease progression, and understanding SCA3/MJD pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • Morphometric MRI for evaluating brain atrophy and volume loss.
  • Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) for assessing white matter microstructural integrity and connectivity.
  • Functional MRI (fMRI) for investigating brain activation patterns and functional connectivity.
  • Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) for analyzing neurochemical profiles.

Main Results:

  • Morphometric MRI reveals cerebellar and brainstem atrophy, with supratentorial lesions.
  • DTI indicates widespread white matter microstructural changes and disrupted anatomical connectivity.
  • fMRI shows altered brain activation and reduced functional connectivity in affected regions.
  • MRS detects abnormal neurochemical profiles (NAA, choline, creatine) even in preclinical stages.

Conclusions:

  • Advanced MRI techniques offer non-invasive, quantitative assessment of SCA3/MJD.
  • MRI findings correlate with clinical and genetic features, aiding in early diagnosis and disease monitoring.
  • These methods are crucial for understanding SCA3/MJD pathogenesis and evaluating therapeutic interventions.