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Related Concept Videos

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
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Exocytosis00:50

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Exocytosis is a process that releases molecules outside the cell. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
Exocytosis is the opposite of endocytosis, which brings molecules inside the cell. Sometimes, the released materials are signaling molecules. For example, neurons typically use exocytosis to release neurotransmitters. Cells also use exocytosis to insert proteins such as ion channels into their cell membranes, secrete proteins for use in the extracellular matrix, or...
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Exocytosis is used to release material from cells. Like other bulk transport mechanisms, exocytosis requires energy.
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SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

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Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
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Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Synaptic Signaling01:12

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Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Utilizing Combined Methodologies to Define the Role of Plasma Membrane Delivery During Axon Branching and Neuronal Morphogenesis
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SNARE-Mediated Exocytosis in Neuronal Development.

Fabio L Urbina1, Stephanie L Gupton1,2,3,4

  • 1Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.

Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience
|August 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins receptors (SNAREs) drive exocytic vesicle fusion, crucial for nervous system development. Recent findings reveal diverse SNARE functions and fusion pore dynamics, necessitating a re-evaluation of exocytosis modes in neurons.

Keywords:
full vesicle fusionfusion porekiss and runneuronal developmentvesicle

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Nervous system formation requires extensive plasma membrane expansion for neuronal growth and polarization.
  • Exocytic vesicle fusion, regulated by SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment proteins receptors), is critical for this membrane expansion.
  • SNAREs are implicated in neurite outgrowth, axon specification, extension, and synaptogenesis, alongside synaptic transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the diverse roles of SNAREs in neuronal development and exocytic fusion.
  • To review classic and recent findings on SNARE expression, function, and regulation of fusion kinetics.
  • To discuss proposed modes of exocytosis, including full-vesicle fusion and kiss-and-run, and their heterogeneity.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SNAREs and neuronal exocytosis.
  • Analysis of studies investigating SNARE complex behavior and fusion pore dynamics.
  • Exploration of cell-type specific variations in exocytosis kinetics.

Main Results:

  • SNAREs are essential for multiple stages of neuronal development, including neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis.
  • The fusion pore, a key event in exocytosis, exhibits complex and heterogeneous kinetics.
  • Recent research highlights significant variations in fusion pore behavior across different cell types.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of SNARE diversity and function is crucial for comprehending neuronal development.
  • The heterogeneity in fusion pore kinetics suggests a paradigm shift in viewing exocytosis modes.
  • Further research into the regulation of fusion kinetics by specific proteins is warranted.