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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways01:29

Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the...
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Tactile and Chemical Senses01:27

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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Sensory Modalities01:15

Sensory Modalities

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Sensation typically is the process by which the sensory receptors and sense organs detect stimuli from the internal and external environment and transmit this information to the central nervous system for processing.
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The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Vagus Nerve Stimulation As an Adjunctive Neurostimulation Tool in Treatment-resistant Depression
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Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Gateway to Interoception.

Albertyna Paciorek1, Lina Skora2,3

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Vagus nerve stimulation offers a novel method to study interoception, the body-to-brain signaling crucial for cognition and emotion. This approach can modulate interoceptive signals across its hierarchy, advancing research and potential therapies.

Keywords:
VNSinteroceptiontVNStranscutaneous vagus nerve stimulationvagus nervevagus nerve stimulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Interoception, the body-to-brain signaling of internal states, is increasingly studied.
  • It involves sensing, encoding, and conscious perception of bodily signals, influencing cognition and affect.
  • Manipulating interoceptive signals experimentally is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and review Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS) as a method to modulate interoception.
  • To demonstrate VNS applicability across the interoceptive hierarchy.
  • To highlight implications for understanding cognition, affect, and developing therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cognitive, affective, and clinical research utilizing Vagus Nerve Stimulation.
  • Discussion of VNS's role in modulating interoceptive signals via the vagus nerve.
  • Analysis of VNS's potential at different levels of interoceptive processing.

Main Results:

  • Vagus nerve stimulation can be used to manipulate interoceptive signals.
  • VNS is applicable to studying interoception at all hierarchical levels.
  • Existing research demonstrates VNS's impact on cognitive and affective processes.

Conclusions:

  • Vagus nerve stimulation is a viable tool for interoception research.
  • This approach can enhance understanding of interoception's role in health and disease.
  • VNS may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for conditions involving interoceptive dysfunction.