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Racial and Gender-Based Differences in COVID-19.

Jonathan Kopel1, Abhilash Perisetti2, Ali Roghani1

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|August 28, 2020
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Summary

COVID-19 (coronavirus disease) impacts vary by gender and race due to biological and socioeconomic factors. Understanding these differences, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, is key for pandemic preparedness.

Keywords:
COVID-19SARS-CoV-2coronavirusgenderpandemicracesex

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • COVID-19 disproportionately affects older individuals with comorbidities.
  • Biological, social, and economic factors influence COVID-19 incidence and severity.
  • Gender and racial disparities in COVID-19 outcomes require investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine gender and racial differences in COVID-19 patients.
  • To explore potential biological mechanisms underlying these disparities.
  • To inform pandemic mitigation and preparedness strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current studies on COVID-19.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding gender and race.
  • Examination of biological factors, including ACE2 expression and immune response.

Main Results:

  • Females exhibit lower susceptibility to viral infections and reduced cytokine production.
  • Females show enhanced immune responses, including higher macrophage and neutrophil activity.
  • Males have higher kidney expression of ACE2, potentially affecting COVID-19 progression.

Conclusions:

  • Gender and racial differences in COVID-19 are influenced by a combination of biological and socioeconomic factors.
  • Further research is needed to understand ACE2 expression in the lungs and its role in gender-based disparities.
  • Addressing socioeconomic disparities and biological factors is crucial for effective pandemic response.