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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon
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Global ecological footprint and spatial dependence between countries.

Manuel A Zambrano-Monserrate1, Maria Alejandra Ruano2, Vanessa Ormeño-Candelario3

  • 1Universidad Espíritu Santo, Ecuador.

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|August 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that biocapacity, trade openness, and GDP significantly influence a country's Ecological Footprint, with neighboring countries' impacts being crucial. Understanding these spatial effects is key for environmental policy.

Keywords:
BiocapacityDynamic spatial durbin modelEcological footprintEcological impactGDPSpatial autocorrelation

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Ecological Economics
  • Spatial Econometrics

Background:

  • The Ecological Footprint quantifies human demand on nature.
  • High Ecological Footprint correlates with resource depletion and environmental degradation.
  • Limited research explores cross-border influences on national Ecological Footprints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate spatial correlation of Ecological Footprints among 158 countries.
  • To identify determinants of the Ecological Footprint, considering spatial dependencies.
  • To analyze direct, indirect, and total effects of key factors on the Ecological Footprint.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from Global Footprint Network and World Bank (2007-2016).
  • Applied a dynamic spatial Durbin model to assess spatial effects.
  • Estimated short-run and long-run impacts of biocapacity, trade openness, and GDP.

Main Results:

  • Significant spatial effects were detected in Ecological Footprints.
  • Biocapacity, trade openness, and GDP were found to increase the Ecological Footprint.
  • Biocapacity and trade openness showed significant indirect effects, while GDP had significant direct effects.

Conclusions:

  • Spatial interdependencies significantly shape national Ecological Footprints.
  • Policy interventions must account for transboundary environmental impacts.
  • Understanding determinants' direct and indirect effects is vital for effective environmental management.