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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Dissection and Flat-mounting of the Threespine Stickleback Branchial Skeleton
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Pattern of sucker development in cuttlefishes.

Ryosuke Kimbara1, Mayuko Nakamura1, Kohei Oguchi1,2

  • 1Misaki Marine Biological Station, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225 Japan.

Frontiers in Zoology
|August 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cuttlefish arm suckers develop from a distinct ridge structure at the arm tip during embryonic and postembryonic growth. This developmental process, involving sucker buds forming from a sucker field ridge, is conserved across studied cuttlefish species.

Keywords:
CephalopodCuttlefishEmbryogenesisNoveltyPostembryonic developmentSuckerSucker budsSucker field ridge

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Area of Science:

  • Marine Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Morphology

Background:

  • Cephalopod molluscs exhibit unique morphological adaptations, including highly functional arm suckers.
  • Sucker morphology is diverse, reflecting adaptations to specific ecological niches.
  • The precise developmental mechanisms of sucker formation in cephalopods remain largely unelucidated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and describe the developmental process of sucker formation in cuttlefish.
  • To compare sucker development between two cuttlefish species, *Sepia esculenta* and *S. lycidas*.
  • To provide insights into the evolutionary origins of cephalopod sucker morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Morphological and histological observations were conducted on embryonic and postembryonic stages of *Sepia esculenta* and *S. lycidas*.
  • Detailed examination of the distal arm tip to identify early developmental structures.
  • Comparative analysis of sucker formation processes between the two species.

Main Results:

  • Newly forming suckers are added to the oral side of the distal arm tip in both species.
  • A 'sucker field ridge' forms from swollen epithelial tissue, generating dome-shaped sucker buds.
  • Sucker buds differentiate into complex structures, with epithelial sheaths developing during postembryonic stages for protection.

Conclusions:

  • A conserved developmental pathway for sucker formation, initiated by a sucker field ridge, exists in the studied cuttlefish species.
  • Minor heterochronic (timing) differences in developmental events were observed between *S. esculenta* and *S. lycidas*.
  • This study clarifies a fundamental aspect of cephalopod arm development and morphological evolution.