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Placental Adaptive Changes to Protect Function and Decrease Oxidative Damage in Metabolically Healthy Maternal

Celeste Santos-Rosendo1, Fernando Bugatto2,3,4, Alvaro González-Domínguez2

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Maternal obesity in healthy pregnancies reduces oxidative damage but impairs antioxidant defenses, shifting placental function towards nitric oxide-mediated pathways to protect against stress.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive biology
  • Maternal-fetal medicine
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Pregnancy disorders like preeclampsia involve oxidative and nitrosative stress.
  • Adverse intrauterine environments can impact placental function via redox modifications.
  • Maternal obesity may alter the placental nitroso-redox balance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of maternal obesity on placental nitroso-redox balance.
  • To assess oxidative and nitrosative stress markers in placentas from obese vs. normal-weight women.
  • To evaluate antioxidant system function in metabolically healthy pregnancies with obesity.

Main Methods:

  • Measured oxidative damage markers (TBARS, C=O) in placental villi.
  • Assessed nitrosative stress markers (iNOS, nitrosothiols, nitrotyrosine).
  • Quantified antioxidant biomarkers (catalase, SOD activity/expression, TAC).

Main Results:

  • Obese pregnancies showed decreased oxidative damage markers (C=O, TBARS).
  • Antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, catalase) and TAC were reduced despite increased concentrations.
  • Increased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitrotyrosine, with decreased nitrosothiols, were observed in obese placentas.

Conclusions:

  • Metabolically healthy obese pregnancies exhibit reduced placental oxidative damage.
  • A decline in antioxidant response and increased NO-mediated nitrative stress occur.
  • Placental adaptation may involve a shift towards NO-induced pathways to preserve function.