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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...

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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Published on: September 1, 2017

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Decrease M1/M2 Ratio and Alleviate Inflammation to Improve Limb Ischemia in Mice.

Ye Song¹, Tian-Jie Zhang², Yuan Li³

¹Department of Ultrasound Medicine, The Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China (mainland).

Medical Science Monitor : International Medical Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research

|August 30, 2020

Summary

Transplanted placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PMSCs) improved hind limb ischemia by shifting macrophages to an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. This promoted blood vessel growth and reduced inflammation in ischemic tissues.

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Last Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Intracardiac Injection of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Increase Homing to the Intestine for Use in Murine Models of Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

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A Modified Surgical Model of Hind Limb Ischemia in ApoE-/- Mice using a Miniature Incision

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Published on: May 13, 2021

Area of Science:

Regenerative Medicine
Immunology
Vascular Biology

Background:

Limb ischemia (LI), a key feature of peripheral artery disease (PAD), involves complex inflammatory processes mediated by macrophages.
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a promising therapy for PAD, but the precise mechanisms of human placenta-derived MSCs (PMSCs) in regulating macrophage differentiation in ischemic environments are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the therapeutic effects of PMSCs on hind limb ischemia in a mouse model.
To elucidate the role of PMSCs in modulating macrophage polarization and promoting neovascularization in ischemic tissue.

Main Methods:

Establishment of a mouse model of hind-limb ischemia.
Intramuscular injection of PMSCs or placebo into ischemic limbs.
Assessment of blood perfusion, histological changes, macrophage populations (flow cytometry), cytokine levels (ELISA), and neovascularization markers (immunofluorescence).

Main Results:

PMSCs significantly improved blood perfusion and alleviated ischemic injury.
Transplantation of PMSCs led to a marked increase in M2-like macrophages and a decrease in the M1/M2 macrophage ratio.
Reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6) and increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) were observed.
Significant increases in CD31 and alpha-SMA expression indicated enhanced neovascularization.

Conclusions:

PMSCs effectively alleviate inflammation and promote neovascularization in ischemic limbs by reprogramming macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype.
The therapeutic benefits of PMSCs in hind limb ischemia are mediated by modulating cytokine secretion and macrophage polarization.
Targeting macrophage phenotypes holds potential for treating ischemic limb injuries.