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Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating02:48

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

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Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. The number of disintegrations per unit time is called the activity (A), which is directly proportional to the number of nuclei in the sample. The decay constant (λ) is an average probability of decay per nucleus in unit time.
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Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for hydrogen, neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus is called the atomic number (Z) of the element, and the sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are isotopes of the same element.
A nuclide of an element has a specific number of protons and...
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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
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Nuclear Power

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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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Radioactive waste: A review.

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|August 30, 2020
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Summary

This review covers 2019 global studies on radioactive waste management, focusing on safety, disposal, and environmental impacts. Research emphasizes safe, eco-friendly solutions for radioactive waste, with advances in geological disposal.

Keywords:
decontaminationdisposalradioactive wasterepositorysafety assessmentstransport

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Nuclear Engineering
  • Waste Management

Background:

  • Global radioactive waste studies in 2019 are reviewed.
  • Research addresses safety, decontamination, and disposal of nuclear waste.
  • Environmental impacts of radionuclide mobility are a key concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of worldwide radioactive waste studies from 2019.
  • To highlight progress in radioactive waste management techniques.
  • To focus on environmental impacts and safe disposal solutions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of 2019 radioactive waste-related studies.
  • Categorization of studies by topic: safety, decommissioning, decontamination, transportation, disposal, and environmental impact.
  • Synthesis of research progress and trends.

Main Results:

  • Studies covered safety assessments, facility decommissioning, and decontamination.
  • Radioactive wastewater treatment, final disposal of low- and high-level radioactive wastes (LLRW and HLRW), and spent fuel (SF) management were highlighted.
  • Environmental impacts of radionuclide mobility in ecosystems, water, and soil were examined.

Conclusions:

  • Public health concerns drive research into radioactive waste management techniques.
  • There is a clear trend towards seeking safe and environmentally friendly solutions for radioactive waste.
  • Significant advancements have been made in geological disposal of radioactive waste over the past two decades.