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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
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Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods01:17

In Vitro Drug Dissolution: Alternative Methods

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Alternative drug dissolution methods include the rotating bottle, intrinsic dissolution test, peristalsis, and the Franz diffusion cell method. The rotating bottle method involves meticulously rotating tightly capped controlled-release beads in a temperature-controlled bath. Periodic decanting of samples allows for residue assay, followed by refilling with fresh medium and testing at various pH levels to emulate the gastrointestinal tract conditions.In contrast, the intrinsic dissolution test...
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Perspectives About Self-Immolative Drug Delivery Systems.

Rodrigo Vieira Gonzaga1, Lucas Adriano do Nascimento1, Soraya Silva Santos1

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580 - Bl 13 - ZC 05580-000, São Paulo, Brazil.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
|August 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Self-immolative drug delivery systems utilize special linkers to precisely release drugs upon specific stimuli, enhancing treatment effectiveness and selectivity. This review explores various triggers and their applications, inspiring future drug delivery innovations.

Keywords:
Drug delivery systemsProdrug designSelf-immolative linkersTrigger classes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Self-immolative drug delivery systems are gaining attention for improving drug selectivity and efficacy.
  • These systems employ self-immolative linkers (spacers) that cleave bonds between a protecting group and a drug after a specific stimulus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review stimuli-responsive self-immolative drug delivery systems over the past decade.
  • To highlight the application of these systems as theranostic agents.
  • To inspire researchers in designing advanced drug delivery platforms.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature focusing on self-immolative linkers and stimuli-responsive drug release mechanisms.
  • Categorization of triggers including enzyme, chemical (pH, redox), elimination reactions, and photodegradable triggers.
  • Analysis of prodrug strategies and theranostic applications.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of various stimuli-responsive mechanisms for self-immolative drug release.
  • Examples of self-immolative systems applied in theranostics.
  • Emphasis on the critical role of linker selection based on desired outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Self-immolative drug delivery systems offer controlled drug release, enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
  • The choice of stimulus and linker is crucial for system design and efficacy.
  • Further exploration of these systems holds significant promise for future drug delivery and theranostic applications.