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Bovine Mammary Gland Biopsy Techniques
Published on: December 23, 2018
Technical note: A digital technique and platform for assessing dairy cow teat-end condition
P S Basran1, M Wieland2, I R Porter1
1Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
Because infections with pathogenic bacteria entering the mammary gland through the teat canal are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows, sustaining the integrity of the teat canal and its adjacent tissues is critical to resist infection. The ability to monitor teat tissue condition is therefore a key prerequisite for udder health management in dairy cows. However, to date, routine assessment of teat-end condition is limited to cow-side visual inspection, making the evaluation a time-consuming and expensive process. Here, we illustrate and demonstrate a method for assessing teat-end condition of dairy cows through digital images and software. A digital workflow has been designed where images of dairy cow teats are obtained and processed to display individual teats, and the cow and teat images are labeled and displayed through a graphical user interface. The interface then allows an evaluator to assess quarter- and cow-level teat-end condition and store the results for review and future analysis. The digital workflow permits several advantages such as the ability to perform remote teat-end condition assessments, and assess inter- and intrarater variability of teat-end condition scoring. We demonstrate the image-based teat-end condition assessment of 194 dairy cows that also had cow-side teat-end condition assessments by 2 expert evaluators. Weighted Cohen's kappa statistic (κ) was computed to measure the evaluators' concordance of categorical scores of quarter- and cow-level assessments when using cow-side and image-based assessments. Substantial agreement (0.61 ≤ κ ≤ 0.80) was observed between an evaluator's cow-side and image-based assessments at the quarter and cow level. Moderate agreement (0.41 ≤ κ ≤ 0.60) was observed between evaluators when using image-based assessments at the quarter and cow level. Near perfect agreement (κ = 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.00) was observed between evaluators when using cow-side assessments at the quarter level, and substantial agreement (κ = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.79) was observed when using cow-side assessments at the cow level. This suggests that image-based teat-end condition classification is possible, and coupled with improvements in image acquisition and image processing, this method can be used to assess teat-end condition in a systematic and convenient manner.
Because infections with pathogenic bacteria entering the mammary gland through the teat canal are the most common cause of mastitis in dairy cows, sustaining the integrity of the teat canal and its adjacent tissues is critical to resist infection. The ability to monitor teat tissue condition is therefore a key prerequisite for udder health management in dairy cows. However, to date, routine assessment of teat-end condition is limited to cow-side visual inspection, making the evaluation a time-consuming and expensive process. Here, we illustrate and demonstrate a method for assessing teat-end condition of dairy cows through digital images and software. A digital workflow has been designed where images of dairy cow teats are obtained and processed to display individual teats, and the cow and teat images are labeled and displayed through a graphical user interface. The interface then allows an evaluator to assess quarter- and cow-level teat-end condition and store the results for review and future analysis. The digital workflow permits several advantages such as the ability to perform remote teat-end condition assessments, and assess inter- and intrarater variability of teat-end condition scoring. We demonstrate the image-based teat-end condition assessment of 194 dairy cows that also had cow-side teat-end condition assessments by 2 expert evaluators. Weighted Cohen's kappa statistic (κ) was computed to measure the evaluators' concordance of categorical scores of quarter- and cow-level assessments when using cow-side and image-based assessments. Substantial agreement (0.61 ≤ κ ≤ 0.80) was observed between an evaluator's cow-side and image-based assessments at the quarter and cow level. Moderate agreement (0.41 ≤ κ ≤ 0.60) was observed between evaluators when using image-based assessments at the quarter and cow level. Near perfect agreement (κ = 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.78-1.00) was observed between evaluators when using cow-side assessments at the quarter level, and substantial agreement (κ = 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.53-0.79) was observed when using cow-side assessments at the cow level. This suggests that image-based teat-end condition classification is possible, and coupled with improvements in image acquisition and image processing, this method can be used to assess teat-end condition in a systematic and convenient manner.
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