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Related Concept Videos

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control01:07

Time-Domain Interpretation of PD Control

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Proportional-Derivative (PD) control is a widely used control method in various engineering systems to enhance stability and performance. In a system with only proportional control, common issues include high maximum overshoot and oscillation, observed in both the error signal and its rate of change. This behavior can be divided into three distinct phases: initial overshoot, subsequent undershoot, and gradual stabilization.
Consider the example of control of motor torque. Initially, a positive...
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Linear time-invariant Systems01:23

Linear time-invariant Systems

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A system is linear if it displays the characteristics of homogeneity and additivity, together termed the superposition property. This principle is fundamental in all linear systems. Linear time-invariant (LTI) systems include systems with linear elements and constant parameters.
The input-output behavior of an LTI system can be fully defined by its response to an impulsive excitation at its input. Once this impulse response is known, the system's reaction to any other input can be...
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Linear Approximation in Time Domain01:21

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Nonlinear systems often require sophisticated approaches for accurate modeling and analysis, with state-space representation being particularly effective. This method is especially useful for systems where variables and parameters vary with time or operating conditions, such as in a simple pendulum or a translational mechanical system with nonlinear springs.
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Transformers with Off-Nominal Turns Ratios01:25

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In scenarios involving parallel transformers with disparate ratings, developing per-unit models requires accommodating off-nominal turns ratios. This situation arises when the selected base voltages are not proportional to the transformer’s voltage ratings. Consider a transformer where the rated voltages are related by the term a. If the chosen voltage bases satisfy a relationship involving term b, term c is defined as the ratio of these bases. This ratio is then substituted into the...
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Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

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Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Time of PTV is ending, robust optimization comes next.

M-C Biston1, S Chiavassa2, V Grégoire3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, centre Léon-Bérard, 28, rue Laennec 69373 Lyon cedex 08, France; Creatis, CNRS UMR5220, Inserm U1044, INSA-Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France.

Cancer Radiotherapie : Journal De La Societe Francaise De Radiotherapie Oncologique
|August 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Robust optimization is emerging as a superior alternative to the traditional planning target volume (PTV) concept in radiotherapy. This advanced approach accounts for uncertainties, improving dose distribution accuracy for proton and photon therapy.

Keywords:
CTVIncertitudesOptimisation robustePTVRadiotherapyRadiothérapieRobust optimizationUncertaintiesvolume cible anatomocliniquevolume cible prévisionnel

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Area of Science:

  • Radiation Oncology
  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Planning

Background:

  • The Planning Target Volume (PTV) concept, established by the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU), has been standard for over two decades.
  • The PTV concept's static margin for uncertainties is becoming obsolete, failing to accurately represent planning and delivery variations.
  • Proton therapy offers clinical potential that can be better realized by addressing specific uncertainties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and discuss the concept of robust optimization as an advancement over the traditional PTV concept in radiotherapy.
  • To highlight the importance of integrating uncertainties into inverse planning for improved dose distribution.
  • To explore the application and benefits of robust optimization in proton therapy and photon radiotherapy, especially for mobile tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Robust optimization is integrated into the inverse planning process.
  • Uncertainties are incorporated into planning objectives to minimize deviations from the planned dose distribution.
  • The study discusses the need for a posteriori robust evaluation using error-based scenarios, contrasting it with the PTV approach.

Main Results:

  • Robust optimization minimizes deviations in dose distribution by accounting for uncertainties during planning.
  • This approach is critical for maximizing the clinical potential of proton therapy.
  • It shows promise for improving treatment quality in hypofractionated photon plans for mobile tumors and general photon radiotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Robust optimization offers a more sophisticated method for radiotherapy planning than the PTV concept.
  • Further research into robust optimization metrics and computational demands is needed for broader clinical adoption.
  • Robust evaluation and specific metrics are essential for comparing different radiotherapy plans, particularly PTV-based photon and robustly optimized proton plans.