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Review of Preterm Human-Milk Nutrient Composition.

Amy Gates1, Terri Marin2, Gianluca De Leo1

  • 1College of Allied Health, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA.

Nutrition in Clinical Practice : Official Publication of the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
|August 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Preterm human milk fortification requires accurate nutrient data. This review highlights significant gaps in understanding preterm human milk composition, particularly concerning specific populations and methodologies, to improve infant nutrition.

Keywords:
human milkhuman-milk fortificationmacronutrientsmicronutrientspremature infant

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Area of Science:

  • Neonatal Nutrition
  • Human Milk Composition
  • Infant Growth and Development

Background:

  • Human milk-fed preterm infants face risks of growth failure, nutrient deficiencies, and neurocognitive delays.
  • While beneficial, human milk alone does not meet the high nutritional demands of preterm infants, necessitating fortification.
  • Current fortification practices rely on assumed preterm human milk composition, highlighting a need for accurate data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review existing evidence on macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations in preterm human milk.
  • To identify critical knowledge gaps in the compositional data of preterm human milk.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a literature search of PubMed and CINAHL databases.
  • Included original research articles published from January 1950 to December 2019.
  • Analyzed data from 27 articles reporting on macronutrient and micronutrient content.

Main Results:

  • Most recent studies (post-2011) focused on macronutrients and infants born between 28-36 weeks gestation.
  • Significant variability exists in milk collection, study design, and analytical methods across studies.
  • Limited geographical representation, with a notable lack of studies from certain regions and on specific maternal populations.

Conclusions:

  • Literature lacks representation of African American women and infants born before 28 weeks gestation.
  • Comprehensive and representative human milk nutrient data are essential for accurate and targeted fortification.
  • Aggregated data reveal trends in macronutrient and micronutrient composition related to lactation stage and gestational age, aiding feeding plan design.