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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Shrinkage in concrete is primarily due to water loss from evaporation, hydration of cement, or carbonation, leading to a reduction in volume. The volumetric contraction results in volumetric strain in concrete. However, in practice, shrinkage is measured as linear strain, which is one-third of the volumetric strain.
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This example deals with managing the workability of concrete for a raft foundation project under hot weather conditions. Workability is crucial for ensuring the concrete is easy to place, compact, and finish. In this scenario, a slump test — a common method to measure the workability of fresh concrete — initially indicated low workability. This was attributed to the rapid water loss from the concrete mix, exacerbated by the high temperatures causing the course aggregates to heat up.
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Remodeling of the ICF: A commentary.

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  • 1University of Sydney, 75 East Street, Lidcombe, NSW, 2141, Australia.

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The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) requires updates to meet modern needs. This commentary guides users on engaging with the ICF

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ClassificationFunctioningICFModeling

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Area of Science:

  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Public Health
  • Health Informatics

Background:

  • The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has been influential since its 2001 publication.
  • Ongoing debates surround the ICF's content and model, necessitating review.
  • Regular updates since 2008 and a new edition planned for 2020 highlight its evolving relevance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To respond to critiques of the ICF and advocate for its review.
  • To inform stakeholders about engaging in the ICF's maintenance and modernization.
  • To emphasize the broad applicability of functioning information beyond healthcare.

Main Methods:

  • This commentary analyzes existing debates and literature concerning the ICF.
  • It synthesizes arguments regarding the ICF's utility and content.
  • It proposes a framework for user engagement in ICF updates.

Main Results:

  • The ICF's continued relevance is affirmed, but its content requires adaptation.
  • Contemporary information needs necessitate a modernized ICF.
  • Stakeholder engagement is crucial for effective ICF maintenance and updating.

Conclusions:

  • The ICF remains a vital tool for understanding human functioning across diverse sectors.
  • Proactive engagement from users and providers is essential for the ICF's ongoing development.
  • Modernization efforts should focus on aligning the ICF with current societal and informational demands.