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Advanced 4D Bioprinting Technologies for Brain Tissue Modeling and Study.

Timothy J Esworthy1, Shida Miao1, Se-Jun Lee1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA.

International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials
|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers explore brain cortical folding mechanisms using computational and cell studies. Four-dimensional bioprinting offers a novel approach to test existing models and study neural development under folding-induced stress.

Keywords:
4D BioprintingBrainCortical foldingFoliationGyrificationOrganoidsSmart materials

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cortical folding, a complex brain development process, lacks a universally accepted mechanistic explanation.
  • Two prominent models, axonal tension and differential tangential expansion, currently attempt to describe cortical folding.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for comprehending brain development and associated disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and analyze existing computational, theoretical, and cell-based studies supporting the axonal tension and differential tangential expansion models of cortical folding.
  • To introduce four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting as a novel technology for testing these cortical folding models.
  • To explore the impact of mechanical stresses during cortical folding on neural development using advanced bioprinting techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature encompassing computational, theoretical, materials-based, and cell studies on cortical folding.
  • Introduction of four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting for fabricating 'smart' tissue models.
  • Simulation of in vivo cortical folding processes and recapitulation of physiologically relevant stresses within engineered tissue models.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of evidence supporting both the axonal tension and differential tangential expansion models of cortical folding.
  • Demonstration of 4D bioprinting's capability to create dynamic tissue models that mimic in vivo folding.
  • Highlighting the potential of 4D bioprinting to investigate the interplay between mechanical stress and neural development during folding.

Conclusions:

  • Four-dimensional bioprinting presents a powerful, innovative platform for dissecting the mechanisms of cortical folding.
  • This technology enables the creation of sophisticated tissue models to test competing hypotheses and study neurodevelopmental effects.
  • Advancements in bioprinting hold significant promise for central nervous system tissue engineering and understanding brain development.