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Related Concept Videos

Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

418
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
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Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

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When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
281
Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment01:17

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

219
Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss01:57

Adaptations that Reduce Water Loss

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Though evaporation from plant leaves drives transpiration, it also results in loss of water. Because water is critical for photosynthetic reactions and other cellular processes, evolutionary pressures on plants in different environments have driven the acquisition of adaptations that reduce water loss.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework
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Water access transformations: Metrics, infrastructure, and inequities.

Edward G J Stevenson1

  • 1Department of Anthropology, Durham University, United Kingdom.

Water Security
|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Water insecurity is often caused by inaccessibility, not scarcity. Water infrastructure projects can improve or worsen water access, sometimes benefiting one group at the expense of another.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Sociology
  • Water resource management

Background:

  • Water insecurity is often characterized by inaccessibility rather than scarcity, a concept derived from food insecurity studies.
  • Ensuring access to clean, adequate, and reliable water presents unique challenges due to water's fluid nature.
  • Water security is intrinsically linked to infrastructure systems for water storage and transport.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of water infrastructure in achieving water security.
  • To analyze how water infrastructure projects impact equitable water access.
  • To examine the social and technological dimensions of water access.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of two distinct water infrastructure projects in Ethiopia.

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  • Case study 1: A project to protect village water supplies.
  • Case study 2: A large-scale hydroelectric dam project.

    • Main Results:

    • The village water supply project, intended to improve access, inadvertently restricted it to those able to pay water committee fees.
    • The hydroelectric dam project prioritized electricity generation and irrigated plantations, leading to reduced water availability for downstream farming communities.
    • Water infrastructure development can have dual effects, securing access for some while diminishing it for others.

    Conclusions:

    • Water infrastructure is central to water security, influencing access both positively and negatively.
    • Equitable water access depends on both technological solutions and inclusive social arrangements.
    • Infrastructure projects can exacerbate existing inequalities if not designed with consideration for all stakeholders.