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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

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The Smith-Robinson Approach to the Subaxial Cervical Spine: A Stepwise Microsurgical Technique Using Volumetric

Vera Vigo1,2, Félix Pastor-Escartín1,3,4, Ayoze Doniz-Gonzalez1

  • 1The Stanford Neurosurgical Training and Innovation Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.

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|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study details the Smith-Robinson approach (SRA) to the anterior cervical spine using 3D volumetric models. These models enhance understanding of surgical anatomy for the SRA, aiding education and planning.

Keywords:
Anterior cervical approachAnterior neckCervical spineSmith-Robinson approachSurgical anatomyVolumetric models

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Anatomical Education
  • Surgical Techniques

Background:

  • The Smith-Robinson approach (SRA) is a standard method for accessing the anterior cervical spine.
  • A detailed, stepwise anatomical description of the SRA is lacking.
  • Volumetric models (VMs) offer a novel way to visualize complex neuroanatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To anatomically describe the Smith-Robinson approach (SRA).
  • To create volumetric models (VMs) of the SRA using anatomic dissections.
  • To enhance understanding of spatial relationships for neurovascular structures.

Main Methods:

  • The SRA was performed on 4 postmortem heads and a cervical replica.
  • Photogrammetry was used to record SRA steps and anatomy.
  • Volumetric models (VMs) were constructed from recorded data.

Main Results:

  • The SRA was systematically divided into 6 key steps.
  • Anatomic models integrated multilayer dissections of the anterior neck and cervical spine.
  • VMs provided a 360-degree view of the SRA's anatomy.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a detailed anatomical review of the Smith-Robinson approach (SRA).
  • Volumetric models offer clear visualization of the SRA's 360-degree anatomy.
  • This novel representation of surgical anatomy is valuable for education and surgical planning.