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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Can dementia be predicted using olfactory identification test in the elderly? A Bayesian network analysis.

Ding Ding1,2, Xiaoniu Liang1,2, Zhenxu Xiao1,2

  • 1Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

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|September 1, 2020
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Summary

Olfactory identification (OI) tests, particularly recognizing cinnamon, show promise in predicting dementia onset in older adults. This simple screening method could aid in early dementia detection.

Keywords:
Bayesian networkcohortdementiaelderlyolfactory functionolfactory identification testprediction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a potential early indicator of cognitive decline.
  • Previous research suggests a link between impaired sense of smell and the development of dementia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between olfactory identification (OI) and dementia onset in an older population.
  • To develop a predictive model for dementia screening using OI test results.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 947 dementia-free participants from the Shanghai Aging Study.
  • Baseline olfactory identification (OI) testing using the Sniffin' Sticks Screening Test-12.
  • Follow-up for incident dementia diagnosis over an average of 4.9 years.
  • Application of Discrete Bayesian Network (DBN) and multivariable logistic regression (MLR) models.

Main Results:

  • Discrete Bayesian Network (DBN) analysis incorporating specific odors (orange, cinnamon, peppermint, pineapple), age, and Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) scores demonstrated high predictive ability for dementia onset (AUC > 0.8).
  • The odor of cinnamon exhibited the highest predictive performance (AUC = 0.838, accuracy = 0.867).
  • DBN models integrating OI tests showed predictive accuracy comparable to MLR models.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory identification tests, particularly the ability to identify cinnamon, show significant potential as a screening tool for dementia in older adults.
  • DBN models utilizing OI test results offer a promising approach for dementia prediction, potentially revealing causal relationships for further study.