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Related Concept Videos

Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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Types of RNA01:20

Types of RNA

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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA Performs Diverse...
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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

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The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Knocking Down Long Noncoding RNAs Using Antisense Oligonucleotide Gapmers.

Rika Maruyama1, Toshifumi Yokota2,3

  • 1Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
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PubMed
Summary

Synthetic antisense oligonucleotides called gapmers are effective tools for studying long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). These gapmers enable lncRNA loss-of-function studies and hold therapeutic potential for various diseases.

Keywords:
BC200 (Brain cytoplasmic 200)CRISPR/Cas9DNM3OS (DNM3 opposite strand/antisense RNA)HOTAIR (HOX transcript antisense RNA)HULC (Highly Upregulated in Liver Cancer)MIAT (myocardial infarction associated transcript) also known as RNCR2 (retinal noncoding RNA 2) or GomafuMetastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1)NEAT1 (Nuclear Enriched Abundant Transcript 1)PRNCR1 (prostate cancer noncoding RNA 1)PVT1 (Pvt1 Oncogene)microRNAs (miRNAs)

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundant but largely uncharacterized RNA molecules.
  • Understanding lncRNA function is crucial for advancing biological and medical research.

Observation:

  • Synthetic antisense oligonucleotides, known as gapmers, are effective for lncRNA loss-of-function studies.
  • Gapmers utilize RNase H to degrade target lncRNAs, particularly nuclear-localized ones.

Findings:

  • Gapmers offer a powerful method for targeted lncRNA knockdown.
  • The design of gapmers involves a DNA core flanked by modified oligonucleotides (e.g., 2'OMe, 2'MOE, cEt, LNA).

Implications:

  • Gapmers are valuable tools for investigating lncRNA functions in biological processes.
  • Gapmer technology shows promise for therapeutic applications in diseases like cancer and cardiovascular conditions.