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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
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Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
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Esophageal perforations manifest in various clinical forms, influenced by factors such as the perforation's cause and location (cervical, intrathoracic, or intra-abdominal), the extent of contamination, and potential injury to adjacent mediastinal structures. The timing between the perforation occurrence and treatment initiation also affects the clinical presentation.
Clinical Manifestations:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Uncontrolled Hemorrhagic Shock Modeled via Liver Laceration in Mice with Real Time Hemodynamic Monitoring
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Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Mechanical Cardiac Support.

Alexander P McNally1, Nicholas L Bandy1, Colten Yahn1

  • 16040Department of Surgery, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.

The American Surgeon
|September 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) affects over 25% of patients on mechanical cardiac support (MCS), with higher risks in those with comorbidities. Early endoscopy and careful anticoagulation management are crucial for these patients.

Keywords:
gastrointestinal bleedingmechanical cardiac supportventricular assist device

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Mechanical cardiac support (MCS) is vital for heart failure patients.
  • Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is a significant risk associated with MCS.
  • Understanding GIB incidence and risk factors in MCS patients is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of GIB in patients receiving mechanical cardiac support.
  • To identify risk factors associated with GIB in this patient population.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of patients (2009-2018) with durable and nondurable MCS.
  • Evaluation of clinical records for demographics, GIB characteristics, and interventions.
  • Univariate and multivariate analyses to identify risk factors.

Main Results:

  • 25.9% of 427 patients experienced 218 GIB episodes.
  • GIB incidence reached 44.9% by 6 months and 60.6% by 12 months.
  • Hypertension, diabetes, pulmonary, hepatic, and renal diseases were associated with higher bleeding rates. Angiodysplasia was the most common cause.

Conclusions:

  • GIB is a significant adverse event in MCS patients.
  • Careful management of anticoagulation is essential.
  • Early endoscopic evaluation is important for diagnosis and treatment.