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Different temporal dynamics after conflicts and errors in children and adults.

Mirela Dubravac1, Claudia M Roebers1, Beat Meier1

  • 1Institute of Psychology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

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Children and adults slow down after cognitive conflicts and errors, with children showing more pronounced slowing. This demonstrates robust performance adjustments and fine-tuning of cognitive control during development.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Cognitive conflicts and errors trigger performance adjustments like post-conflict slowing and post-error slowing.
  • Previous research on these phenomena in children and adults used varied methods, leading to inconsistent findings.
  • Understanding the developmental trajectory of these adjustments is crucial for cognitive development research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal dynamics of post-conflict and post-error slowing within a unified experimental paradigm.
  • To compare these slowing phenomena across different age groups (children and adults).
  • To elucidate the developmental progression of cognitive control and performance adjustment.

Main Methods:

  • A Simon task was employed, with every fifth trial designed to induce cognitive conflict and errors.
  • Reaction times were analyzed for four trials subsequent to conflict or error occurrences.
  • Participants included 9-13-year-old children and young adults.

Main Results:

  • Both children and adults exhibited post-conflict and post-error slowing.
  • Post-error slowing was more pronounced than post-conflict slowing across both age groups.
  • Children demonstrated greater slowing compared to adults, with a notable initial slowing after errors that gradually diminished.

Conclusions:

  • Post-conflict and post-error slowing are robust phenomena, consistent across development.
  • Performance adjustment becomes more efficient through refined cognitive control during development.
  • Findings highlight the adaptive nature of cognitive control mechanisms in response to conflict and errors.