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Related Concept Videos

Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

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Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
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RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
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Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

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Overview
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Related Experiment Video

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High-throughput Screening for Broad-spectrum Chemical Inhibitors of RNA Viruses
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Vaccines against RNA Viruses.

Juan-Carlos Saiz1

  • 1ZOOVIR, Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.

Vaccines
|September 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

RNA viruses cause widespread animal, human, and zoonotic diseases. Understanding these viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, is crucial for global health and disease prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • RNA viruses are significant etiological agents responsible for numerous diseases in animals and humans.
  • Zoonotic viral diseases pose a substantial threat to global health, as evidenced by recent epidemics.
  • The emergence of novel RNA viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, highlights the need for continuous research and surveillance.

Discussion:

  • The study underscores the broad impact of RNA viruses across species.
  • It emphasizes the critical role of RNA viruses in causing devastating epidemics.
  • The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic serves as a prime example of the global health challenges posed by these pathogens.

Key Insights:

  • RNA viruses are a major cause of disease in humans and animals.

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  • Zoonotic transmission of RNA viruses leads to significant public health crises.
  • The SARS-CoV-2 virus exemplifies the severe impact of emerging RNA viral infections.

    • Outlook:

    • Continued research into RNA virus biology is essential for developing effective countermeasures.
    • Enhanced global surveillance systems are needed to detect and respond to emerging viral threats.
    • Interdisciplinary approaches are vital for mitigating the impact of RNA virus-related diseases.