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Facilitative priority effects drive parasite assembly under coinfection.

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Parasite infection order matters! Early infections can increase host susceptibility to later ones, influencing parasite diversity within hosts. This effect varies by host and parasite genetics.

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Area of Science:

  • Ecology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Plant Pathology

Background:

  • Coinfection with multiple parasites is common in natural host populations.
  • Priority effects, where infection sequence impacts parasite interactions, are known but host immunity's role is unclear.
  • Understanding how early infections shape subsequent parasite communities is crucial for disease dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if host immune responses to initial infections create priority effects.
  • To determine how these priority effects influence the assembly of parasite strains during epidemics.
  • To assess the impact of host and parasite genotypes on these interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental infections of Plantago lanceolata with Podosphaera plantaginis strains.
  • Measuring host susceptibility to secondary infections after initial exposure.
  • Field surveys of natural infections in multiple host populations.

Main Results:

  • Prior infection often increased host susceptibility to subsequent strains, demonstrating facilitative priority effects.
  • These effects significantly altered parasite assemblage structure.
  • The outcome was dependent on host genotype, host population, and parasite genotype.

Conclusions:

  • Host immune responses to early-arriving parasite strains can generate significant priority effects.
  • Priority effects, alongside host and parasite factors, drive parasite community assembly during epidemics.
  • These findings have implications for understanding the spatial and temporal distribution of parasite diversity.