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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

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Enhanced Rabies Surveillance Using a Direct Rapid Immunohistochemical Test
Published on: April 30, 2019
Serological survey for rabies antibodies in raptors from California
L M Shannon1, J L Poulton, R W Emmons
1Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis 95616.
Journal of Wildlife Diseases
|April 1, 1988
Abstract:
Fifty-three newly captive birds of prey were tested serologically for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus, using a fluorescent focus inhibition test. No significant antibody titers were detected with this sensitive and specific technique in any of these birds. This study supports the contention that free-ranging birds of prey are of limited importance in the epidemiology of rabies.

