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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Pool-Boiling Heat-Transfer Enhancement on Cylindrical Surfaces with Hybrid Wettable Patterns
Published on: April 10, 2017
Hydrochemistry of Avène thermal waters (Avène-les-Bains, France)
1Water Research Center, Research and Development, Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Avène-les-Bains, France.
Abstract:
Avène Thermal Spring Water (Avène TSW) has been used since 1743 in the treatment of various pathologies. The hydrothermal system is delimited by a reservoir mainly composed by dolomite and quartz in which meteoric waters infiltrate allowing rock-water interactions that control the water's chemical composition. Water analysis and geochemical calculations highlight that water composition is stable and low mineral salt content are controlled by natural geochemical equilibrium and the solubility of the minerals calcite, dolomite and quartz according to temperature and CO2 pressure within the reservoir. In addition, the annual monitoring of surface waters sampled on the impluvium surface area confirms the absence of anthropic impact on water quality. The forest and the low human activity of the watershed contribute to preserve the natural groundwater quality. This confirms that nowadays, the recharge water is still of great quality for the future generation.
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