Well-Defined Construction of Functional Macromolecular Architectures Based on Polymerization of Amino Acid Urethanes

Polypeptide synthesis was accomplished using the urethane derivatives of amino acids as monomers, which can be easily prepared, purified, and stored at ambient temperature without the requirement for special precautions. The urethanes of amino acids are readily synthesized by the N-carbamoylation of onium salts of amino acids using diphenyl carbonate (DPC). The prepared urethanes are then efficiently cyclized to produce amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides (NCAs). Thereafter, in the presence of primary amines, the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of NCAs is initiated using the amines, to yield polypeptides with controlled molecular weights. The polypeptides have propagating chains bearing reactive amino groups and initiating chain ends endowed with functional moieties that originate from the amines. Aiming to benefit from these interesting characteristics of the polypeptide synthesis using the urethanes of amino acids, various macromolecular architectures containing polypeptide components have been constructed and applied as biofunctional materials in highly efficient antifouling coatings against proteins and cells, as biosensors for specific molecules, and in targeted drug delivery.