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Bacterial Meningitis

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Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...

Viral Meningitis

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Arboviral Encephalitis

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Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

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Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: August 9, 2011

Brainstem Encephalitis Caused by Listeria monocytogenes.

Pengxu Wei^1,2, Ruixue Bao³, Yubo Fan^1,2

¹School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, 37# Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100083, China.

Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 3, 2020

Summary

Listeria monocytogenes infections are increasing globally. This review details listerial brainstem encephalitis, a severe condition affecting healthy individuals, and proposes novel pathways for bacterial invasion.

Keywords:

Listeria monocytogenes MRI brainstem encephalitis vagus nerve

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Measuring Bacterial Load and Immune Responses in Mice Infected with Listeria monocytogenes

Published on: August 9, 2011

Oral Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Mice via Ingestion of Contaminated Food

Oral Transmission of Listeria monocytogenes in Mice via Ingestion of Contaminated Food

Published on: May 6, 2013

Listeria monocytogenes Infection of the Brain

Listeria monocytogenes Infection of the Brain

Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Neurology
Microbiology

Background:

International outbreaks of *Listeria monocytogenes* are rising.
Listerial brainstem encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) affects healthy individuals and is difficult to diagnose early.
This condition has high mortality and significant sequelae in survivors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review clinical manifestations, pathology, MRI findings, diagnosis, and treatment of listerial brainstem encephalitis.
To propose potential pathways for *L. monocytogenes* brainstem invasion.

Main Methods:

Literature review of clinical cases and proposed mechanisms.
Analysis of diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

*Listeria monocytogenes* can cause severe brainstem encephalitis.
The trigeminal and vagus nerves are proposed as routes of infection.
Early diagnosis and antibiotic treatment are crucial for reducing severity.

Conclusions:

Listerial brainstem encephalitis requires prompt recognition and management.
Understanding novel invasion pathways can aid in early diagnosis and prevention.