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Related Concept Videos

Transduction01:16

Transduction

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Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome...
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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
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Conjugation01:19

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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Immunometabolic Circuits in Infection for Advancing Host Directed Therapies
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Immunometabolic Circuits in Infection for Advancing Host Directed Therapies

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Transmission efficiency drives host-microbe associations.

Philip T Leftwich1, Matthew P Edgington2, Tracey Chapman1

  • 1School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ, UK.

Proceedings. Biological Sciences
|September 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microbe transmission modes significantly impact host-microbe associations. Mixed modes of transmission (MMT) and horizontal transmission (HT) are crucial for establishing persistent symbioses, with vertical transmission (VT) also playing a key role.

Keywords:
microbiomemixed modes of transmissionmutualismsymbiosisvertical and horizontal transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ecology

Background:

  • Modern sequencing reveals numerous host-microbe associations.
  • Understanding the evolutionary significance of these symbioses remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review transmission modes (vertical, horizontal, environmental, mixed) in animal host-microbe associations.
  • To model factors influencing the establishment of gut microbiota associations.
  • To determine the evolutionary significance of host-microbe relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on host-microbe transmission.
  • Modeling of four key properties: transmission modes, host reproductive mode, mate choice, and fitness.
  • Simulation of microbial dispersal into a new population with limited environmental acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Mixed modes of transmission (MMT) resulted in the most frequent host-microbe associations.
  • Persistent associations often require environmental acquisition or horizontal transmission (HT), unless vertical transmission (VT) is perfect.
  • Host reproductive mode and mate choice had minimal impact on association establishment.
  • Host fitness changes had a minor effect on co-association formation.
  • Efficient VT is essential for co-associations to persist in new environments without environmental acquisition.

Conclusions:

  • Transmission mode is the most critical factor in establishing host-microbe associations.
  • MMT and HT are vital for persistent symbioses, highlighting the dynamic nature of microbial acquisition.
  • While VT is important, its efficiency is paramount, especially in novel environments.