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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies
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Studying Pancreatic Cancer Stem Cell Characteristics for Developing New Treatment Strategies

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The Ph paradigm in cancer.

Tomas Koltai1

  • 1Obra Social de la Alimentacion, Maipu 712/piso 7B, 1006, Buenos Aires, Argentina. tkoltai@hotmail.com.

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
|September 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cancer cells exhibit an inverted pH gradient, a key factor in malignancy. Repurposed drugs could target this, but clinical trials are lacking.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Normal tissues exhibit higher extracellular than intracellular pH.
  • Malignant tissues display an inverted pH gradient (higher intracellular than extracellular pH).
  • This inverted pH gradient is a recognized hallmark of cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the role of pH gradient inversion in cancer development.
  • To emphasize the gap between basic research and clinical application.
  • To introduce potential therapeutic strategies targeting pH modulation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cancer pH.
  • Analysis of the role of pH gradient inversion in cancer etiopathogenesis.
  • Identification of repurposed drugs and nutraceuticals with pH-modulating properties.

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Testing Targeted Therapies in Cancer using Structural DNA Alteration Analysis and Patient-Derived Xenografts
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Bioluminescent Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer Progression
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Main Results:

  • pH gradient inversion is a crucial factor in cancer, not merely a consequence.
  • Several low-toxicity drugs and nutraceuticals can alter the pH gradient.
  • Despite potential, these agents have not been tested for cancer treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting the inverted pH gradient is essential for comprehensive cancer therapy.
  • Repurposed drugs offer a promising, low-toxicity approach to modulating cancer pH.
  • Clinical investigation of these agents is urgently needed to improve patient outcomes.