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Stalin's "black dog": a postmortem diagnosis.

Gleb Zilberstein1, Svetlana Zilberstein1, Pier Giorgio Righetti2

  • 1Spectrophon Ltd, Oppenheimer 7, 7670107, Rehovot, Israel.

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
|September 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Analysis of Joseph Stalin's annotated books from World War II reveals lithium traces. These findings suggest Stalin may have been treated for bipolar disorder or paranoia with lithium salts.

Keywords:
BipolarityCultural HeritageEVA TechnologyLithium analysisStalin books

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • World War II leaders Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin faced immense pressure.
  • Churchill's struggles with depression were documented; Stalin's mental health remains less understood.
  • Previous assessments suggested Stalin may have had paranoia, but lacked chemical evidence.

Observation:

  • Researchers analyzed books Stalin read during WWII, noting marginalia.
  • Surface material was collected from these books using EVA disks.
  • X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was employed for instrumental analysis.

Findings:

  • Lithium levels (approximately 100 ± 8 ng/cm²) were detected on the analyzed book pages.
  • These levels are consistent with lithium concentrations found in sweat or saliva of patients treated with lithium salts.
  • This is the first chemical evidence suggesting Stalin received treatment for a mental health condition.

Implications:

  • The findings provide the first direct evidence of Stalin potentially undergoing treatment for bipolar disorder or paranoia.
  • This research opens new avenues for understanding the personal health of historical figures.
  • The study highlights the potential of analyzing historical artifacts for diagnostic insights.