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CNS stimulants, such as cocaine, amphetamines, and cannabinoids, have varying structures and mechanisms of action that lead to different therapeutic effects and side effects. Cocaine, with its molecular formula C17H21NO4, is a tropane alkaloid and a tertiary amino compound. It has two chemical forms: the hydrochloride salt and the "freebase." The former is in powder form, while the latter involves removing the hydrochloride salt to create a form that can be smoked. Cocaine exerts its...
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a phytocannabinoid that primarily interacts with the CB1 receptor, a type of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) predominantly in and around the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and emetic center. THC also blocks the serotonin receptor activity in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) by inhibiting serotonin release. THC exerts its anti-emetic effects through these interactions, which are beneficial for patients undergoing chemotherapy.
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Hallucinogens are psychoactive substances that profoundly alter perceptual experiences, generating unreal visual and sensory images. Often referred to as psychedelic drugs — a term derived from the Greek words "psyche" (mind) and "delos" (revealing) — these substances include marijuana and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), among others. These drugs vary in intensity and effects.
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Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
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[Cannabis use and somatic consequences].

Nicolas Franchitto1

  • 1Service universitaire d'addictologie, hôpital Purpan, CHU de Toulouse ; UMR 1027, université de Toulouse, UPS, Inserm, Toulouse, France.

La Revue Du Praticien
|September 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cannabis use, despite its perception as low-risk, can lead to serious mental and physical health issues. Increased potency and synthetic cannabinoids heighten these risks, requiring medical awareness.

Area of Science:

  • Drug Use and Addiction
  • Public Health
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Cannabis is the world's most frequently used illicit psychoactive substance, often perceived as low-risk.
  • Medical literature highlights increasing complications associated with cannabis use.
  • Rising tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to cannabidiol (CBD) ratios in cannabis increases associated health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the somatic and psychiatric consequences of acute and chronic cannabis use.
  • To differentiate the risks associated with vegetal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids.
  • To inform healthcare professionals about the potential harms of cannabis and its analogues.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on cannabis use and its health effects.
Keywords:
CannabisSubstance-Related Disorders

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  • Analysis of the pharmacological differences between vegetal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids.
  • Examination of reported adverse events and complications linked to cannabis consumption.

    • Main Results:

    • Cannabis use is linked to mood disorders, psychosis exacerbation, addiction, withdrawal, neurocognitive deficits, and cardiovascular/respiratory issues.
    • Increased cannabis potency correlates with more severe health complications.
    • Synthetic cannabinoids, though user-termed 'cannabis,' possess distinct, dangerous properties leading to severe outcomes.

    Conclusions:

    • Both acute and chronic cannabis consumption pose significant risks to mental and physical health.
    • The increasing potency of cannabis and the proliferation of synthetic cannabinoids represent growing public health concerns.
    • Physicians must recognize the distinct pharmacological profiles and risks of vegetal cannabis versus synthetic cannabinoids to ensure appropriate patient care.