Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

9.1K
The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
9.1K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

3.0K
Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
3.0K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

3.2K
The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into...
3.2K
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

2.3K
The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
2.3K
Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

2.1K
Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
2.1K
Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

2.5K
Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
2.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of FMD virus isolated from two outbreaks in Egypt.

Infection, genetics and evolution : journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases·2024
Same author

ORC1 enhances repressive epigenetic modifications on HIV-1 LTR to promote HIV-1 latency.

Journal of virology·2024
Same author

Targeting SOCS2 alleviates myocardial fibrosis by reducing nuclear translocation of β-catenin.

Biochimica et biophysica acta. Molecular cell research·2024
Same author

Vaginal microbiome differences between patients with adenomyosis with different menstrual cycles and healthy controls.

BMC microbiology·2024
Same author

The Effect of Different Thiamethoxam Concentrations on <i>Riptortus pedestris</i> Development and Fecundity.

Toxics·2024
Same author

Reweighted Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers for DNN weight pruning.

Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.2K

Development of Environmentally Friendly Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization.

Ming Yuan1, Xuetao Cui1, Wenxian Zhu1

  • 1Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.

Polymers
|September 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review explores safer alternatives to traditional copper catalysts in atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). It highlights iron, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts for controlled polymer synthesis with reduced toxicity and environmental impact.

Keywords:
ATRPcatalystenvironmental friendlinessenzymeiron complexmetal-free catalyst

More Related Videos

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.1K
Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
06:49

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

12.2K
3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: February 18, 2022

4.1K
Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization
07:28

Ethylene Polymerizations Using Parallel Pressure Reactors and a Kinetic Analysis of Chain Transfer Polymerization

Published on: November 27, 2015

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Catalysis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) enables synthesis of polymers with precise control over molecular weight, architecture, and functionality.
  • Traditional copper catalysts in ATRP pose toxicity and environmental concerns.
  • Growing interest in developing safer, sustainable catalytic systems for ATRP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of iron, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts for ATRP.
  • To evaluate catalytic activity, initiation efficiency, and polymerization controllability of these alternative systems.
  • To discuss recent advancements and future prospects in these greener ATRP methodologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on iron, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts in various ATRP techniques (normal, reverse, AGET, ICAR, GAMA, SARA).
  • Analysis of catalytic performance based on reported data.
  • Discussion of catalyst development, particularly iron ligands.

Main Results:

  • Iron, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts offer viable, less toxic alternatives to copper in ATRP.
  • These catalysts demonstrate good control over polymerization processes.
  • Metal-free ATRP shows promise for interdisciplinary applications.

Conclusions:

  • Iron, enzyme, and metal-free catalysts represent significant advancements in sustainable polymer synthesis via ATRP.
  • Further research is needed to optimize these systems and expand their applications.
  • These greener approaches address environmental and safety concerns associated with traditional ATRP methods.