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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Determining and Controlling External Power Output During Regular Handrim Wheelchair Propulsion

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Published on: February 5, 2020

Uphill walking at iso-efficiency speeds.

Mirjana Milic¹, Marko Erceg¹, Stefano Palermi²

¹Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia.

Biology of Sport

|September 4, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Finding the optimal uphill walking speed is key to increasing metabolic demand without causing fatigue. This study reveals that specific iso-efficiency speeds on inclines can match metabolic effort to level walking while altering gait mechanics.

Keywords:

Gait variability Heart rate Kinematic analysis Locomotion Slope walking

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Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Exercise Physiology
Human Movement Science

Background:

Uphill walking gait is extensively studied, but optimal speeds for metabolic enhancement without increased fatigue remain unclear.
Previous research has not sufficiently addressed the metabolic and kinematic demands at varying uphill walking speeds.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the metabolic and kinematic demands of uphill walking at constant speeds and iso-efficiency speeds.
To determine if iso-efficiency speeds can maintain metabolic demand comparable to level walking while modifying gait parameters.

Main Methods:

Physically active women (n=24) walked on a treadmill at constant speeds (6 km/h on level, 2% and 7% inclines) and at calculated iso-efficiency speeds (5.2 km/h on 2% incline, 3.9 km/h on 7% incline).
Measurements included average heart rate (AVG-HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and kinematic variables (stance time, swing time, stride length, stride cycle, variability, and internal work).

Main Results:

Iso-efficiency speeds (G7IES) showed significant modifications in stance time, stride length, stride cycle, and lower internal work compared to other conditions.
Stride-length and stride-cycle variability were higher at iso-efficiency speeds.
The 7% incline at constant speed (G7) resulted in the highest AVG-HR and RPE.

Conclusions:

Applying iso-efficiency speed equations for uphill walking allows for maintaining similar metabolic demand and RPE as level walking.
Uphill walking at iso-efficiency speeds induces significant modifications in kinematic parameters compared to walking at the same slope but constant speed.