Current status of short segment fixation in thoracolumbar spine injuries

Short segment fixation aims to restore spinal stability and alignment in thoracolumbar spine injuries while preserving spinal motion by decreasing the levels of spine involved in fixation. In its simplest form it applies to fixation one level above and one level below the fractured vertebra. It has proven effective with good clinical, functional and radiological results in well selected cases. However not insignificant rates of sagittal collapse and recurrence of kyphosis with or without clinical implications have also been reported. Most of the failures were attributed to lack of anterior column integrity and relatively inferior robustness of earlier posterior short segment constructs. With better understanding of fracture biomechanics, better implant designs and evolution of strategies to increase the biomechanical strengths of posterior constructs, the rates of kyphosis recurrence and implant failure have been significantly reduced. Although there is lack of robust evidence to guide a surgeon to the best approach for a particular fracture, adhering to basic biomechanical principals increases the efficacy and reliability of short segment fixation. This narrative review highlights the status of short segment fixation in dorsolumbar spine injuries with emphasis on patient selection and strategies to increase effectiveness and reduce failures of short segment fixation.