Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

6.1K
The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
6.1K
Gonadal and Placental Hormones01:24

Gonadal and Placental Hormones

2.6K
The gonads, namely the testes in males and the ovaries in females, are pivotal in producing gonadal hormones that orchestrate the intricate processes of sexual development and reproduction.
In males, testosterone is the primary gonadal androgen. It plays a central role in the maturation of male reproductive organs — the penis and testes. Additionally, testosterone is instrumental in the development of secondary sexual characteristics — a deep voice as well as facial and pubic hair...
2.6K
Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

1.2K
The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
1.2K
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

35.2K
The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
35.2K
Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

47.1K
Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
47.1K
Cancer Prevention02:59

Cancer Prevention

7.5K
Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
Some...
7.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Reply: Missing the target.

Human reproduction (Oxford, England)·2024
Same author

Therapeutic endometrial regeneration: clinical application of bone marrow-derived stem cells.

BJOG : an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology·2020
Same author

Apparent lack of efficacy of toltrazuril against Eimeria species affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli) at a captive rearing facility.

New Zealand veterinary journal·2018
Same author

Characterization of cell fusion in an experimental mouse model of endometriosis†.

Biology of reproduction·2018
Same author

The circadian variation of oocyst shedding of Eimeria spp. affecting brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli).

Parasitology research·2018
Same author

Metformin alters DNA methylation genome-wide via the H19/SAHH axis.

Oncogene·2016
Same journal

Impact of social determinants of health on perimenopause symptom burden: insights from the Flo app.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

From tissue to outcome - how perioperative vaginal estrogen transforms prolapse surgery results: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical evidence and outcomes.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Mapping menopause education for healthcare professionals: a scoping review.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Portuguese osteopaths' perceptions on the management of musculoskeletal conditions in menopausal women.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Perimenopausal migraine: a narrative review.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
Same journal

Redefining menopausal care: a randomized trial of group CBT for vasomotor symptoms in Korean women.

Climacteric : the journal of the International Menopause Society·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

12.7K

Lessons from KEEPS: the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study.

V M Miller1,2, H S Taylor3, F Naftolin4

  • 1Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.

Climacteric : the Journal of the International Menopause Society
|September 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopausal hormone treatments (MHTs) did not slow carotid artery thickening in women recently post-menopause. However, MHTs did alleviate menopausal symptoms and preserve bone density.

Keywords:
Conjugated equine estrogensestradiolhormone treatmentsmenopause

More Related Videos

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay
06:07

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Published on: June 7, 2020

5.2K
Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

13.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 10, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
06:18

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

Published on: August 13, 2019

12.7K
Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay
06:07

Screening for Phytoestrogens using a Cell-based Estrogen Receptor β Reporter Assay

Published on: June 7, 2020

5.2K
Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
09:07

Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats

Published on: February 23, 2015

13.8K

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Health
  • Endocrinology
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) investigated menopausal hormone treatments (MHTs) in recently menopausal women.
  • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk increases post-menopause, and MHT's role remains debated.
  • Participants were within 3 years of menopause, with no history of overt CVD.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if MHTs affect the progression of carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT).
  • To evaluate MHT effects on menopausal symptoms, bone density, and other health aspects.
  • To explore the influence of genetic variants on MHT efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • A 4-year, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
  • Participants received oral conjugated equine estrogens or transdermal 17β-estradiol, both with progesterone, or placebo.
  • Carotid intima-medial thickness (CIMT) progression was a primary outcome.

Main Results:

  • MHTs did not reduce the age-related increase in CIMT compared to placebo.
  • Both MHTs effectively reduced menopausal symptoms and maintained bone density.
  • Differences in efficacy were observed for mood, anxiety, sleep, sexual function, and brain amyloid deposition.
  • Genetic variants influenced MHT efficacy for certain symptom relief aspects.

Conclusions:

  • MHTs do not decrease CIMT progression in recently menopausal women without prior CVD.
  • MHTs offer benefits for menopausal symptom relief and bone density maintenance.
  • Individualized MHT approaches considering genetic factors may optimize treatment outcomes.