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Keratin expression by corneal and limbal stem cells during development.

Winston W-Y Kao1

  • 1Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267-0838, USA.

Experimental Eye Research
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Summary

Keratins form intermediate filaments for epithelial structure. This review compares keratin expression in human and mouse corneas, highlighting developmental and pathological differences.

Keywords:
Corneal epitheliumDevelopmentHumanKeratinLimbal stem cellsMouse

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Keratins are essential intermediate filament proteins providing mechanical support and integrity to epithelial cells.
  • Keratin intermediate filaments form obligate heterodimers of type I and type II keratin molecules.
  • Human genome contains 54 functional keratin genes classified into epithelial, hair follicle-specific, and hair keratins, with cell type-specific and developmentally regulated expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare cornea-specific keratin expression patterns between corneal and epidermal epithelial cells during mouse development.
  • To compare keratin expression in human and mouse corneas during development and adult homeostasis.
  • To discuss pathologies arising from keratin mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on keratin expression in corneal and epidermal tissues.
  • Comparative analysis of keratin profiles in human and mouse models.
  • Examination of developmental regulation and cellular differentiation pathways involving keratins.

Main Results:

  • Corneal epithelium expresses keratins similar to epidermal epithelium, with limbal stem cells expressing K5/K14 and K8/K18/K8/K19.
  • Human limbal stem cells differentiate into K3/K12 expressing cells or transient amplifying cells co-expressing K3/K12 and K5/K14.
  • Rodent differentiated corneal cells express K5/K12 due to a K3 pseudogene; basal corneal cells co-express K5/K12 and K5/K14, with migration accelerated during wound healing.

Conclusions:

  • Keratin expression in the cornea is distinct between species and developmental stages, reflecting specialized differentiation pathways.
  • Understanding these species-specific keratin patterns is crucial for studying corneal development, homeostasis, and disease.
  • Keratin mutations can lead to significant pathologies, underscoring their importance in epithelial integrity.