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Related Concept Videos

Inducible Operons: lac Operon01:25

Inducible Operons: lac Operon

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The lac operon in Escherichia coli is a model for understanding inducible gene regulation and metabolic flexibility. It integrates local control by lactose and global regulation through catabolite repression, enabling E. coli to preferentially metabolize glucose when available and switch to lactose utilization when glucose is scarce.Structure and Function of the lac OperonThe lac operon contains three structural genes: lacZ (β-galactosidase), lacY (lactose permease), and lacA...
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Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Operon Model01:23

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The operon model represents a fundamental mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes, enabling coordinated expression of genes involved in related metabolic or functional pathways. Operons consist of structural genes, a promoter, and an operator, with transcription regulated by repressors, activators, and small effector molecules.Structure and Function of OperonsAn operon is a cluster of structural genes transcribed together under the control of a single promoter. The promoter region...
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Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

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The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
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Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

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Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 10, 2025

Mapping Bacterial Functional Networks and Pathways in Escherichia Coli using Synthetic Genetic Arrays
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ERF Gene Clusters: Working Together to Regulate Metabolism.

Tsubasa Shoji1, Ling Yuan2

  • 1Department of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan.

Trends in Plant Science
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plant transcription factors called APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) gene clusters regulate specialized metabolite production. This review explores their function, regulation, evolution, and potential in metabolic engineering.

Keywords:
ERF transcription factorgene clusterjasmonatesspecialized metabolism

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Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Plants synthesize diverse specialized metabolites crucial for stress response.
  • The APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) family of transcription factors (TFs) are key regulators of specialized metabolite biosynthesis.
  • Genomic studies reveal that some ERF genes are organized in chromosomal clusters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the function, regulation, and evolution of ERF gene clusters.
  • To highlight recent advances in understanding the roles of clustered ERF genes.
  • To explore the potential application of ERF clusters in metabolic engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of genomic and functional studies on ERF gene clusters.
  • Analysis of existing data on the regulation and evolution of ERF clusters.
  • Synthesis of information on the distinct roles and applications of clustered ERF genes.

Main Results:

  • Jasmonate-responsive ERF TF gene clusters control the biosynthesis of numerous important metabolites.
  • These metabolites include natural products like nicotine and SGAs, and pharmaceuticals like artemisinin and vinca alkaloids.
  • ERF clusters exhibit distinct roles and evolutionary patterns.

Conclusions:

  • ERF gene clusters are critical regulatory hubs for specialized metabolite production in plants.
  • Understanding ERF clusters offers opportunities for metabolic engineering of valuable compounds.
  • Further research into ERF cluster function and evolution can unlock novel biotechnological applications.