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Related Concept Videos

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
The process begins when mesenchymal cells in the embryonic skeleton gather together and differentiate into osteogenic cells, which then develop into ...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Culture of Murine Embryonic Metatarsals: A Physiological Model of Endochondral Ossification
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Compounds isolated from Euonymus spraguei Hayata induce ossification through multiple pathways.

Zuha Imtiyaz1, Yi-Tzu Lin1, Ut-Hang Cheong2

  • 1Program in Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Two compounds from Euonymus spraguei, syringin and (-)-epicatechin, significantly enhance bone formation. These potent agents show promise for treating osteoporosis by targeting multiple pathways involved in osteogenesis.

Keywords:
(−)-EpicatechinEuonymus spraguei HayataHuman osteoblast cellsMulti-target drugsOsteogenesisSyringin

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Osteoporosis results from imbalances in bone metabolism, specifically between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts.
  • Current osteoporosis treatments have adverse effects and do not effectively promote new bone formation, highlighting the need for novel therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel plant-derived compounds with osteogenic potential to address therapeutic gaps in osteoporosis treatment.
  • To investigate the effects of compounds isolated from Euonymus spraguei on human osteoblast cells.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation of three compounds: syringaresinol, syringin, and (-)-epicatechin from Euonymus spraguei.
  • Assessment of osteogenic potential by measuring alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition in human osteoblast cells.
  • Analysis of the modulation of autophagy and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 signaling pathways.

Main Results:

  • Syringin and (-)-epicatechin significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and mineral deposition in human osteoblasts.
  • Both compounds modulated autophagy and the BMP-2 signaling pathway, indicating a multi-targeted mechanism of action.
  • Syringaresinol did not show significant osteogenic effects.

Conclusions:

  • Syringin and (-)-epicatechin possess significant osteogenic properties and can be considered as potential multi-targeted therapeutic agents for promoting bone formation.
  • Euonymus spraguei is a valuable source of compounds for developing new treatments for osteoporosis.