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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term Potentiation01:25

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that play a vital role in intercellular communication and functions of the nervous system. They allow the influx of ions across the membrane once the neurotransmitter binds, allowing the subsequent transmission of electrical excitation across the neurons. Other ligand-gated ion channels, like the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, permit anions like chloride into the cells on the binding of the GABA molecule. Their entry into the cell...
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Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
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A High-content Assay for Monitoring AMPA Receptor Trafficking
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Arc/Arg3.1 function in long-term synaptic plasticity: Emerging mechanisms and unresolved issues.

Hongyu Zhang1, Clive R Bramham1

  • 1Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.

The European Journal of Neuroscience
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) bidirectionally controls synaptic strength by regulating AMPA-type glutamate receptor trafficking and actin dynamics. This protein is crucial for memory and brain development.

Keywords:
actin cytoskeletonglutamate receptorprotein synthesissynaptic proteinssynaptic transmission and plasticity

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) plays a key role in synaptic plasticity and memory.
  • The precise mechanisms by which Arc bidirectionally regulates synaptic strength remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on Arc function in various plasticity paradigms.
  • To propose a model for Arc's role in bidirectionally controlling synaptic strength.
  • To highlight outstanding questions and stimulus-specific mechanisms of Arc function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of plasticity paradigms.
  • Analysis of existing data on Arc function.
  • Model proposal based on current evidence.

Main Results:

  • Arc is implicated in multiple forms of synaptic plasticity, including LTP and LTD.
  • Arc's function is stimulus-dependent and dictates synaptic strength.
  • A model is proposed where Arc coordinates AMPAR trafficking and actin dynamics.

Conclusions:

  • Arc bidirectionally controls synaptic strength through coordinated regulation of AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) trafficking and actin cytoskeletal dynamics.
  • Arc acts as an activity-dependent regulator of AMPAR lateral diffusion and synaptic trapping.
  • Understanding Arc's mechanisms is vital for comprehending memory formation and cortical development.