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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

A Method for Manipulating Blood Glucose and Measuring Resulting Changes in Cognitive Accessibility of Target Stimuli
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A Prospective Longitudinal Study on the Relationship Between Glucose Fluctuation and Cognitive Function in Type 2

Masaki Matsubara1, Hisashi Makino2, Kazuo Washida3

  • 1Division of Diabetes and Lipid Metabolism, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.

Diabetes Therapy : Research, Treatment and Education of Diabetes and Related Disorders
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates how glucose fluctuations impact cognitive function in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Findings may reveal new targets for preventing cognitive decline in T2DM.

Keywords:
Continuous glucose monitoringDementiaGlucose fluctuationMild cognitive impairmentType 2 diabetes mellitus

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) doubles dementia risk, but mechanisms and glycemic targets for cognitive impairment are unclear.
  • Cross-sectional studies link glucose fluctuations to cognitive decline in T2DM patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To longitudinally evaluate the relationship between glucose fluctuation indexes and cognitive function in elderly T2DM patients.
  • To explore associations between glucose fluctuations, cognitive scores, and various health indicators.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective, 2-year longitudinal study of 100 elderly T2DM patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
  • Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) assessed glucose fluctuations; MoCA and ADAS evaluated cognitive function at baseline, 1, and 2 years.
  • Secondary endpoints included MRI/angiography, Geriatric Depression Scale, Apathy Scale, carotid intima-media thickness, inflammatory markers, and clinical events.

Main Results:

  • Primary endpoint: relationship between CGM-derived glucose fluctuation indexes and changes in MoCA/ADAS scores over 2 years.
  • Secondary endpoints: correlations between glucose fluctuations/cognitive scores and intracranial lesions, mood, vascular health, and biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • The study aims to elucidate mechanisms linking glucose variability to cognitive impairment in T2DM.
  • Findings may inform novel glycemic goals for preventing cognitive decline in this population.