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Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

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An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
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Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

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Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
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Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

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Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Endoscopic Procedures III: Video Capsule Endoscopy01:28

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Capsule endoscopy, or wireless or video capsule endoscopy, is a diagnostic procedure for examining the entire gastrointestinal tract. Patients swallow a capsule about the size of a vitamin tablet. The capsule is equipped with a transmitter, a battery, an LED light source, and a color video camera to capture images throughout the gastrointestinal tract. This procedure is particularly useful for diagnosing conditions such as Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, tumors, polyps, ulcers,...
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Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

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The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
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Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP01:26

Endoscopic Procedures V: ERCP

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Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a diagnostic procedure that combines endoscopy and fluoroscopy to diagnose and treat conditions related to the bile ducts, pancreatic ducts, and gallbladder. This procedure is beneficial for identifying and addressing blockages, gallstones, strictures, and tumors within the biliary or pancreatic systems. ERCP is both diagnostic and therapeutic, offering the ability to visualize and treat identified problems in one session.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy DISE with Target Controlled Infusion TCI and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

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Drug-induced sleep endoscopy: techniques, interpretation and implications.

Jeffrey J Stanley1

  • 1Departments of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery and Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) show promise for evaluating upper airway obstruction. While a new classification system improves assessment, consensus on predicting surgical success remains elusive, though it may guide oral appliance therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Sleep Medicine
  • Otolaryngology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) evaluates the upper airway during a simulated natural sleep state.
  • DISE offers a more relevant assessment compared to awake airway evaluations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the field of drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE).
  • To highlight new developments in DISE methodology and interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies investigating DISE findings and their correlation with natural sleep endoscopy.
  • Analysis of new classification systems for DISE, such as the Palate, Tonsils, Lateral pharyngeal wall, Tongue base, Epiglottis (PTLTE) system.
  • Examination of the impact of different sedative agents on DISE outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Good agreement exists between DISE findings and natural sleep endoscopy for significant obstructions.
  • Recent studies indicate variable upper airway collapse patterns with different sedatives, particularly at the tongue base.
  • A new PTLTE classification system enhances differentiation of tonsillar and lateral pharyngeal wall collapse.

Conclusions:

  • DISE is a valuable tool for upper airway evaluation during sleep.
  • While a standardized classification is emerging, consensus on predicting surgical outcomes from DISE is still developing.
  • DISE findings may assist in identifying patients suitable for oral appliance therapy.