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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Maturation of Endosomes01:28

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The early endosome containing internalized molecules matures through transformations in its location, morphology, intraluminal pH, and membrane protein composition. Together, these changes result in a more acidic late endosome that contains multiple intraluminal vesicles; therefore, the late endosome is also called a multivesicular body (MVB).
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
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Mechanisms of Membrane-bending01:15

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The living membranes are flexible due to their fluid mosaic nature; however, their bending into different shapes is an active process regulated by specific lipids and proteins. The membrane bending can be transient as seen in vesicles or stable for a long time as in microvilli. Cells regulate the size, location, and duration of the membrane curvature.
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Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

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Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Live Cell Imaging of Early Autophagy Events: Omegasomes and Beyond
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Modeling Membrane Morphological Change during Autophagosome Formation.

Yuji Sakai1,2, Ikuko Koyama-Honda1, Masashi Tachikawa2,3

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.

Iscience
|September 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Autophagy involves dynamic membrane changes to form autophagosomes. A new theoretical model explains how membrane curvature and proteins stabilize key intermediate structures during this essential cellular process.

Keywords:
BiophysicsCell BiologyMembrane ArchitectureMolecular Biology

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Autophagy is a fundamental cellular process for degrading damaged components.
  • Autophagosome formation involves complex, dynamic membrane rearrangements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively investigate the mechanisms driving autophagosome formation.
  • To model the role of membrane morphology and curvature generators in autophagosome biogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a theoretical model integrating membrane dynamics and entropic partitioning.
  • Analyzed the stabilization of intermediate structures during autophagosome formation.

Main Results:

  • The model demonstrates that membrane curvature and curvature generators stabilize disk- and cup-shaped intermediates.
  • Theoretical predictions align quantitatively with in vivo observations of autophagosome formation.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy protein curvature-sensing properties likely stabilize key intermediate structures.
  • The developed model offers a quantitative framework for understanding autophagosome biogenesis.