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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
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A transposed-word effect in Chinese reading.

Zhiwei Liu1,2, Yan Li1,2, Kevin B Paterson3

  • 1Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Hexi District, Tianjin, 330374, China.

Attention, Perception & Psychophysics
|September 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers found that Chinese readers, like French readers, make more errors when identifying incorrect sentences with transposed words. This suggests word order processing flexibility is common across different writing systems.

Keywords:
Chinese readingGrammaticality decision taskTransposed-word effect

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Linguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Studies on alphabetic scripts show readers are flexible with word order.
  • This flexibility can interfere with identifying ungrammatical sentences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate if the transposed-word effect occurs in Chinese, a non-alphabetic script.
  • Test the cross-linguistic generality of word order processing flexibility.

Main Methods:

  • Used a grammaticality decision task with transposed-word stimuli.
  • Compared error rates and decision times for stimuli derived from grammatical vs. ungrammatical base sentences.
  • Conducted three experiments varying transposed word length.

Main Results:

  • Replicated the transposed-word effect in Chinese.
  • Participants made more errors and were slower to reject transposed-word stimuli from grammatical sentences.
  • Findings were consistent across different word lengths.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrates a transposed-word effect in Chinese reading.
  • Suggests word order processing flexibility is not limited to alphabetic scripts.
  • Provides evidence for universal aspects of reading and sentence processing.