Biocompatibility and Bioactivity of Set Direct Pulp Capping Materials on Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells

In this study, we assessed the biocompatibility and bioactivity of various pulp capping materials-ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), Biodentine (Septodont), TheraCal LC (Bisco), and Dycal (Dentsply Caulk)-on human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). Experimental disks (diameter, 7 mm; height, 4 mm) were stored in a humified incubator at 37 °C for 48 h. Then, the pulp capping materials were tested for cytotoxic effects by methyl-thiazoldiphenyl-tetrazolium and scratch wound healing assays, and for mineralization potential by Alizarin red S (ARS) staining assay and alkaline phosphatase enzyme (ALP) activity. Cell viability and cell migration did not significantly differ between ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, and control (p > 0.05). TheraCal LC exhibited slower cell migration on days 2-4 compared to control (p < 0.05), and Dycal showed no cell migration. ALP activity was highest with Biodentine on days 10 and 14, and was lowered with TheraCal LC and Dycal (p < 0.05). In the ARS assay, hDPSCs grown in ProRoot MTA and TheraCal LC eluates showed significantly increased mineralized nodule formation on day 21 compared to Biodentine, Dycal, and control (p < 0.05). These findings indicate that ProRoot MTA, Biodentine, and TheraCal LC exhibit better biocompatibility and bioactivity than Dycal.