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Pneumococcal type-associated variability in alternate complement pathway activation.

D P Fine

    Infection and Immunity
    |October 1, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary
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    Certain Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes evade the alternate complement pathway, a key immune response. This evasion may explain why these types are prominent in human disease, acting as a virulence factor.

    Area of Science:

    • Immunology
    • Microbiology
    • Infectious Diseases

    Background:

    • Opsonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae is crucial for its clearance by the immune system.
    • The alternate complement pathway plays a role in opsonization, particularly in the early stages of infection before antibodies are present.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the role of the alternate complement pathway in opsonizing various Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes.
    • To determine if the ability to evade alternate complement pathway activation is a virulence factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae.

    Main Methods:

    • Complement consumption assays were performed using human serum chelated with ethyleneglycoltraacetic acid (EGTA) to specifically activate the alternate complement pathway.
    • Pneumococci of different serotypes were incubated with EGTA-treated serum, and complement consumption was measured.

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  • Serum absorption experiments were conducted to differentiate between antibody-dependent and intrinsic complement activation.

    • Main Results:

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype I did not consume complement via the alternate pathway.
    • Serotypes III, IV, and VIII showed reduced alternate pathway activation, which could be eliminated by antibody-specific absorption, indicating a dependence on specific antibodies.
    • Serotypes VII, XII, XIV, and XXV readily activated the alternate pathway in both absorbed and unabsorbed sera.
    • No correlation was found between capsule properties and alternate complement pathway activation.

    Conclusions:

    • Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes I, III, IV, and VIII intrinsically lack the ability to activate the alternate complement pathway.
    • While serotypes III, IV, and VIII can activate the alternate pathway with specific antibodies, serotype I appears unable to do so.
    • The ability of certain serotypes to evade opsonization by the alternate complement pathway in the absence of antibodies may contribute to their virulence and prominence in human pneumococcal disease.