Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

2.4K
Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...
2.4K
Perception01:28

Perception

849
Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...
849
Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

329
E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
329
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

7.7K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
7.7K
Timing and Consequences on Behavior01:08

Timing and Consequences on Behavior

263
In operant conditioning, the timing of reinforcement is crucial. For animals like rats and cats, immediate reinforcement (within a few seconds) is much more effective than delayed reinforcement. For example, a food reward for a rat needs to follow within 30 seconds of pressing a bar to be effective. 
Humans, however, can respond to delayed reinforcers. We often make decisions between immediate small rewards and delayed larger rewards. This ability to delay gratification is a significant...
263
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

896
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
896

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Structural features of the hippocampus covary with memory-guided attention depending on the side of hippocampal sclerosis.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Concurrent selection of internal goals and external sensations during visual search.

Science advances·2025
Same author

Changes in sensorimotor network dynamics in resting-state recordings in Parkinson's disease.

Brain communications·2025
Same author

Presaccadic attentional shifts are not modulated by saccade amplitude.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Focusing attention in working and long-term memory through dissociable mechanisms.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Re-focusing visual working memory during expected and unexpected memory tests.

eLife·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills
09:27

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Published on: January 19, 2024

1.6K

Purpose-Dependent Consequences of Temporal Expectations Serving Perception and Action.

Freek van Ede1,2, Gustavo Rohenkohl3,4, Ian Gould3,4

  • 1Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom freek.van.ede@vu.nl.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|September 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Temporal expectations prepare the brain for upcoming events. Their impact on brain activity and behavior depends on the task

Keywords:
alpha oscillationsattentionbehavioral performancebeta oscillationstask-dependenttemporal expectation

More Related Videos

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

1.0K
Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

10.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills
09:27

Author Spotlight: Exploring the Link Between Time Perception of Visual Stimuli and Reading Skills

Published on: January 19, 2024

1.6K
The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies
08:24

The Joint Effect of Social Comparison and Social Distance on Evaluation of Intertemporal Choice Outcomes in Event-related Potential Studies

Published on: August 25, 2023

1.0K
Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
13:00

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments

Published on: January 23, 2017

10.2K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Human Behavior

Background:

  • Temporal expectations are crucial for preparing neural activity for perception and action.
  • Distinct sources and purposes of temporal expectations may influence performance through unique mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the purpose-dependent nature of cued temporal expectations on brain and behavior.
  • To examine how temporal expectations interact with concurrent spatial expectations and neural states.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two matched visual-motor tasks differing in demands on response speed versus visual accuracy.
  • Employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) to measure neural activity.
  • Related anticipatory brain states to behavioral outcomes.

Main Results:

  • The effects of temporal expectations on behavior were purpose-dependent, influencing response times in speed-focused tasks and perceptual accuracy in accuracy-focused tasks.
  • Temporal expectations modulated task-specific neural lateralization of oscillatory brain activity in a modality- and frequency-specific manner.
  • The behavioral relevance of anticipatory brain states was also purpose-dependent.

Conclusions:

  • The influence of temporal expectations on neurophysiology and behavior is not fixed but contingent on the specific task goals.
  • Temporal expectations interact with concurrent spatial expectations to shape anticipatory neural states.
  • Understanding the purpose-dependent nature of temporal expectations is key to comprehending their role in cognition and behavior.