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Related Concept Videos

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents01:26

EDTA: Auxiliary Complexing Reagents

1.1K
EDTA titrations are usually carried out in highly basic conditions, where the fully deprotonated form of EDTA, Y4−, actively complexes with the free metal ions in the solution. Several metal ions precipitate as hydrous oxide (hydroxides, oxides, or oxyhydroxides) under these conditions, lowering the concentration of free metal ions in the solution. For this reason, auxiliary complexing agents or ligands such as ammonia, tartrate, citrate, or triethanolamine are used in EDTA titrations to...
1.1K
Masking and Demasking Agents01:19

Masking and Demasking Agents

3.3K
EDTA titrations may necessitate masking and demasking agents to temporarily protect a particular metal ion in a mixture from the EDTA reaction. These agents facilitate the sequential analysis of the metal ions by forming stable complexes with some—but not all—metal ions during certain steps.
There are many masking agents, such as cyanide, fluoride, triethanolamine, thiourea, and 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propan-1-ol (formerly 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol), with the masking agent chosen based on...
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Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

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Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

2.9K
Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
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Updated: Dec 9, 2025

Micro-dissection of Enamel Organ from Mandibular Incisor of Rats Exposed to Environmental Toxicants
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Cyclodextrin and TiF4 Nanocomplex on Enamel Demineralization.

Thiago Vieira1, Adílis K Alexandria1, Lilian H Amaral2

  • 1Department of Pediatric Dentistryand Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Brazilian Dental Journal
|September 9, 2020
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Summary

A new hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin and titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) nanocomplex significantly reduced enamel demineralization. The 12-hour complexation period showed the best results in protecting against enamel surface loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology in Dentistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Dental caries is a significant global health issue.
  • Enamel demineralization is the initial stage of dental caries.
  • Novel nanomaterials offer potential for enhanced dental treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the anti-demineralization effect of a hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin and titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) nanocomplex.
  • To compare the efficacy of the nanocomplex after 12-hour and 72-hour complexation periods.
  • To assess the protective effects on bovine enamel in vitro.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + 1% TiF4 nanocomplexes with 12h and 72h complexation.
  • In vitro demineralization model using bovine enamel blocks (n=60).
  • Evaluation using surface microhardness, cross-sectional microhardness, micro-CT, SEM, and EDX.

Main Results:

  • The 12h complexation nanocomplex significantly reduced surface microhardness loss compared to controls and the 72h group.
  • All tested groups showed similar integrated mineral loss (ΔZ).
  • SEM/EDX confirmed the presence of a TiO2 glaze-layer and Titanium (Ti) in treated enamel.

Conclusions:

  • The hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin + TiF4 nanocomplex, particularly after 12h complexation, effectively reduces enamel demineralization.
  • This nanocomplex shows promise as a protective agent against early dental caries.
  • The study highlights the potential of tailored nanocomplexes in preventive dentistry.